组件测试
组件测试是一种专注于独立测试单个UI组件的测试策略。与测试整个用户流程的端到端测试不同,组件测试验证每个组件单独工作是否正确,使它们运行更快且更容易调试。
Vitest为多个框架提供全面的组件测试支持,包括Vue、React、Svelte、Lit、Preact、Qwik、Solid、Marko等。本指南涵盖了使用Vitest有效测试组件的特定模式、工具和最佳实践。
为什么进行组件测试?
组件测试位于单元测试和端到端测试之间,提供了几个优势:
- 更快的反馈 - 测试单个组件而无需加载整个应用程序
- 隔离测试 - 关注组件行为而无需外部依赖
- 更好的调试 - 更容易定位特定组件中的问题
- 全面的覆盖 - 更容易测试边缘情况和错误状态
组件测试的浏览器模式
Vitest中的组件测试使用浏览器模式在真实浏览器环境中运行测试,支持使用Playwright、WebdriverIO或预览模式。这提供了最准确的测试环境,因为你的组件在真实浏览器中运行,具有实际的DOM实现、CSS渲染和浏览器API。
为什么使用浏览器模式?
浏览器模式是组件测试的推荐方法,因为它提供了最准确的测试环境。与DOM模拟库不同,浏览器模式能够捕获影响用户的真实世界问题。
TIP
浏览器模式能够捕获DOM模拟库可能遗漏的问题,包括:
- CSS布局和样式问题
- 真实浏览器API行为
- 准确的事件处理和传播
- 正确的焦点管理和无障碍功能特性
本指南的目的
本指南专门介绍使用Vitest功能的组件测试模式和最佳实践。虽然许多示例使用浏览器模式(因为这是推荐的方法),但这里的重点是组件特定的测试策略,而不是浏览器配置细节。
有关详细的浏览器设置、配置选项和高级浏览器功能,请参阅浏览器模式文档。
什么是好的组件测试
好的组件测试关注行为和用户体验,而不是实现细节:
- 测试契约 - 组件如何接收输入(props)并产生输出(事件、渲染)
- 测试用户交互 - 点击、表单提交、键盘导航
- 测试边缘情况 - 错误状态、加载状态、空状态
- 避免测试内部实现 - 状态变量、私有方法、CSS类
组件测试层次结构
1. Critical User Paths → Always test these
2. Error Handling → Test failure scenarios
3. Edge Cases → Empty data, extreme values
4. Accessibility → Screen readers, keyboard nav
5. Performance → Large datasets, animations
组件测试策略
隔离策略
通过模拟依赖项来隔离测试组件:
// For API requests, we recommend MSW (Mock Service Worker)
// See: https://vitest.dev/guide/mocking/requests
//
// vi.mock(import('../api/userService'), () => ({
// fetchUser: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ name: 'John' })
// }))
// Mock child components to focus on parent logic
vi.mock(import('../components/UserCard'), () => ({
default: vi.fn(({ user }) => `<div>User: ${user.name}</div>`)
}))
test('UserProfile handles loading and data states', async () => {
const { getByText } = render(<UserProfile userId="123" />)
// Test loading state
await expect.element(getByText('Loading...')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Test for data to load (expect.element auto-retries)
await expect.element(getByText('User: John')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
集成策略
测试组件协作和数据流:
test('ProductList filters and displays products correctly', async () => {
const mockProducts = [
{ id: 1, name: 'Laptop', category: 'Electronics', price: 999 },
{ id: 2, name: 'Book', category: 'Education', price: 29 }
]
const { getByLabelText, getByText } = render(
<ProductList products={mockProducts} />
)
// Initially shows all products
await expect.element(getByText('Laptop')).toBeInTheDocument()
await expect.element(getByText('Book')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Filter by category
await userEvent.selectOptions(
getByLabelText(/category/i),
'Electronics'
)
// Only electronics should remain
await expect.element(getByText('Laptop')).toBeInTheDocument()
await expect.element(queryByText('Book')).not.toBeInTheDocument()
})
Testing Library 集成
虽然Vitest为流行的框架提供了官方包(vitest-browser-vue
、vitest-browser-react
、vitest-browser-svelte
),但你也可以为尚未得到官方支持的框架集成Testing Library。
何时使用 Testing Library
- 你的框架还没有官方的Vitest浏览器包
- 你正在迁移使用Testing Library的现有测试
- 你更喜欢Testing Library的API来处理特定的测试场景
集成模式
关键是使用 page.elementLocator()
来桥接 Testing Library 的 DOM 输出与 Vitest 的浏览器模式 API:
// For Solid.js components
import { render } from '@testing-library/solid'
import { page } from 'vitest/browser'
test('Solid component handles user interaction', async () => {
// Use Testing Library to render the component
const { baseElement, getByRole } = render(() =>
<Counter initialValue={0} />
)
// Bridge to Vitest's browser mode for interactions and assertions
const screen = page.elementLocator(baseElement)
// Use Vitest's page queries for finding elements
const incrementButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /increment/i })
// Use Vitest's assertions and interactions
await expect.element(screen.getByText('Count: 0')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Trigger user interaction using Vitest's page API
await incrementButton.click()
await expect.element(screen.getByText('Count: 1')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
可用的 Testing Library 包
与Vitest配合使用效果良好的流行Testing Library包:
@testing-library/solid
- 用于Solid.js@marko/testing-library
- 用于Marko@testing-library/svelte
-vitest-browser-svelte
的替代方案@testing-library/vue
-vitest-browser-vue
的替代方案
Migration Path
如果你的框架后来获得了官方的Vitest支持,你可以通过替换Testing Library的 render
函数来逐步迁移,同时保持大部分测试逻辑不变。
最佳实践
1. 在CI/CD中使用浏览器模式
确保测试在真实浏览器环境中运行以获得最准确的测试结果。浏览器模式提供准确的CSS渲染、真实的浏览器API和正确的事件处理。
2. 测试用户交互
使用Vitest的交互API模拟真实用户行为。使用page.getByRole()
和userEvent
方法,如我们的高级测试模式所示:
// Good: Test actual user interactions
await page.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i }).click()
await page.getByLabelText(/email/i).fill('user@example.com')
// Avoid: Testing implementation details
// component.setState({ email: 'user@example.com' })
3. 测试可访问性
通过测试键盘导航、焦点管理和ARIA属性,确保组件对所有用户都能正常工作。请查看我们的测试可访问性示例了解实用模式:
// Test keyboard navigation
await userEvent.keyboard('{Tab}')
await expect.element(document.activeElement).toHaveFocus()
// Test ARIA attributes
await expect.element(modal).toHaveAttribute('aria-modal', 'true')
4. 模拟外部依赖
通过模拟API和外部服务,将测试重点放在组件逻辑上。这使得测试更快、更可靠。请查看我们的隔离策略获取示例:
// For API requests, we recommend using MSW (Mock Service Worker)
// See: https://vitest.dev/guide/mocking/requests
// This provides more realistic request/response mocking
// For module mocking, use the import() syntax
vi.mock(import('../components/UserCard'), () => ({
default: vi.fn(() => <div>Mocked UserCard</div>)
}))
5. 使用有意义的测试描述
编写测试描述时,应解释预期行为,而不是实现细节:
// Good: Describes user-facing behavior
test('shows error message when email format is invalid')
test('disables submit button while form is submitting')
// Avoid: Implementation-focused descriptions
test('calls validateEmail function')
test('sets isSubmitting state to true')
高级测试模式
测试组件状态管理
// Testing stateful components and state transitions
test('ShoppingCart manages items correctly', async () => {
const { getByText, getByTestId } = render(<ShoppingCart />)
// Initially empty
await expect.element(getByText('Your cart is empty')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Add item
await page.getByRole('button', { name: /add laptop/i }).click()
// Verify state change
await expect.element(getByText('1 item')).toBeInTheDocument()
await expect.element(getByText('Laptop - $999')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Test quantity updates
await page.getByRole('button', { name: /increase quantity/i }).click()
await expect.element(getByText('2 items')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
测试带有数据获取的异步组件
// Option 1: Recommended - Use MSW (Mock Service Worker) for API mocking
import { http, HttpResponse } from 'msw'
import { setupServer } from 'msw/node'
// Set up MSW server with API handlers
const server = setupServer(
http.get('/api/users/:id', ({ params }) => {
const { id } = params
if (id === '123') {
return HttpResponse.json({ name: 'John Doe', email: 'john@example.com' })
}
return HttpResponse.json({ error: 'User not found' }, { status: 404 })
})
)
// Start server before all tests
beforeAll(() => server.listen())
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers())
afterAll(() => server.close())
test('UserProfile handles loading, success, and error states', async () => {
// Test success state
const { getByText } = render(<UserProfile userId="123" />)
// expect.element auto-retries until elements are found
await expect.element(getByText('John Doe')).toBeInTheDocument()
await expect.element(getByText('john@example.com')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Test error state by overriding the handler for this test
server.use(
http.get('/api/users/:id', () => {
return HttpResponse.json({ error: 'User not found' }, { status: 404 })
})
)
const { getByText: getErrorText } = render(<UserProfile userId="999" />)
await expect.element(getErrorText('Error: User not found')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
测试组件通信
// Test parent-child component interaction
test('parent and child components communicate correctly', async () => {
const mockOnSelectionChange = vi.fn()
const { getByText } = render(
<ProductCatalog onSelectionChange={mockOnSelectionChange}>
<ProductFilter />
<ProductGrid />
</ProductCatalog>
)
// Interact with child component
await page.getByRole('checkbox', { name: /electronics/i }).click()
// Verify parent receives the communication
expect(mockOnSelectionChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
category: 'electronics',
filters: ['electronics']
})
// Verify other child component updates (expect.element auto-retries)
await expect.element(getByText('Showing Electronics products')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
测试带验证的复杂表单
test('ContactForm handles complex validation scenarios', async () => {
const mockSubmit = vi.fn()
const { getByLabelText, getByText } = render(
<ContactForm onSubmit={mockSubmit} />
)
const nameInput = page.getByLabelText(/full name/i)
const emailInput = page.getByLabelText(/email/i)
const messageInput = page.getByLabelText(/message/i)
const submitButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: /send message/i })
// Test validation triggers
await submitButton.click()
await expect.element(getByText('Name is required')).toBeInTheDocument()
await expect.element(getByText('Email is required')).toBeInTheDocument()
await expect.element(getByText('Message is required')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Test partial validation
await nameInput.fill('John Doe')
await submitButton.click()
await expect.element(getByText('Name is required')).not.toBeInTheDocument()
await expect.element(getByText('Email is required')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Test email format validation
await emailInput.fill('invalid-email')
await submitButton.click()
await expect.element(getByText('Please enter a valid email')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Test successful submission
await emailInput.fill('john@example.com')
await messageInput.fill('Hello, this is a test message.')
await submitButton.click()
expect(mockSubmit).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
name: 'John Doe',
email: 'john@example.com',
message: 'Hello, this is a test message.'
})
})
测试错误边界
// Test how components handle and recover from errors
function ThrowError({ shouldThrow }: { shouldThrow: boolean }) {
if (shouldThrow) {
throw new Error('Component error!')
}
return <div>Component working fine</div>
}
test('ErrorBoundary catches and displays errors gracefully', async () => {
const { getByText, rerender } = render(
<ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Something went wrong</div>}>
<ThrowError shouldThrow={false} />
</ErrorBoundary>
)
// Initially working
await expect.element(getByText('Component working fine')).toBeInTheDocument()
// Trigger error
rerender(
<ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Something went wrong</div>}>
<ThrowError shouldThrow={true} />
</ErrorBoundary>
)
// Error boundary should catch it
await expect.element(getByText('Something went wrong')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
测试可访问性
test('Modal component is accessible', async () => {
const { getByRole, getByLabelText } = render(
<Modal isOpen={true} title="Settings">
<SettingsForm />
</Modal>
)
// Test focus management - modal should receive focus when opened
// This is crucial for screen reader users to know a modal opened
const modal = getByRole('dialog')
await expect.element(modal).toHaveFocus()
// Test ARIA attributes - these provide semantic information to screen readers
await expect.element(modal).toHaveAttribute('aria-labelledby') // Links to title element
await expect.element(modal).toHaveAttribute('aria-modal', 'true') // Indicates modal behavior
// Test keyboard navigation - Escape key should close modal
// This is required by ARIA authoring practices
await userEvent.keyboard('{Escape}')
// expect.element auto-retries until modal is removed
await expect.element(modal).not.toBeInTheDocument()
// Test focus trap - tab navigation should cycle within modal
// This prevents users from tabbing to content behind the modal
const firstInput = getByLabelText(/username/i)
const lastButton = getByRole('button', { name: /save/i })
// Use click to focus on the first input, then test tab navigation
await firstInput.click()
await userEvent.keyboard('{Shift>}{Tab}{/Shift}') // Shift+Tab goes backwards
await expect.element(lastButton).toHaveFocus() // Should wrap to last element
})
调试组件测试
1. 使用浏览器开发者工具
浏览器模式在真实浏览器中运行测试,让你可以使用完整的开发者工具。当测试失败时,你可以:
- 在测试执行期间打开浏览器开发者工具(按F12或右键点击→检查)
- 在测试代码或组件代码中设置断点
- 检查DOM以查看实际渲染的输出
- 检查控制台错误以查找JavaScript错误或警告
- 监控网络请求以调试API调用
对于有头模式调试,可以在浏览器配置中临时添加headless: false
。
2. 添加调试语句
使用策略性日志记录来理解测试失败:
test('debug form validation', async () => {
render(<ContactForm />)
const submitButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i })
await submitButton.click()
// Debug: Check if element exists with different query
const errorElement = page.getByText('Email is required')
console.log('Error element found:', errorElement.length)
await expect.element(errorElement).toBeInTheDocument()
})
3. 检查渲染输出
当组件未按预期渲染时,请系统性地进行调查:
使用Vitest的浏览器UI:
- 在启用浏览器模式的情况下运行测试
- 打开终端中显示的浏览器URL以查看测试运行情况
- 可视化检查有助于识别CSS问题、布局问题或缺失元素
测试元素查询:
// Debug why elements can't be found
const button = page.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i })
console.log('Button count:', button.length) // Should be 1
// Try alternative queries if the first one fails
if (button.length === 0) {
console.log('All buttons:', page.getByRole('button').length)
console.log('By test ID:', page.getByTestId('submit-btn').length)
}
4. 验证选择器
选择器问题是测试失败的常见原因。请系统性地调试它们:
检查可访问名称:
// If getByRole fails, check what roles/names are available
const buttons = page.getByRole('button').all()
for (const button of buttons) {
// Use element() to get the DOM element and access native properties
const element = button.element()
const accessibleName = element.getAttribute('aria-label') || element.textContent
console.log(`Button: "${accessibleName}"`)
}
测试不同的查询策略:
// Multiple ways to find the same element using .or for auto-retrying
const submitButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i }) // By accessible name
.or(page.getByTestId('submit-button')) // By test ID
.or(page.getByText('Submit')) // By exact text
// Note: Vitest doesn't have page.locator(), use specific getBy* methods instead
常见的选择器调试模式:
test('debug element queries', async () => {
render(<LoginForm />)
// Check if element is visible and enabled
const emailInput = page.getByLabelText(/email/i)
await expect.element(emailInput).toBeVisible() // Will show if element is visible and print DOM if not
})
5. 调试异步问题
组件测试经常涉及时机问题:
test('debug async component behavior', async () => {
render(<AsyncUserProfile userId="123" />)
// expect.element will automatically retry and show helpful error messages
await expect.element(page.getByText('John Doe')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
从其他测试框架迁移
从 Jest + Testing Library 迁移
大多数 Jest + Testing Library 测试只需少量更改即可工作:
// Before (Jest)
import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
// After (Vitest)
import { render } from 'vitest-browser-react'
主要差异
- 使用
await expect.element()
而不是expect()
进行 DOM 断言 - 使用
vitest/browser
进行用户交互而不是@testing-library/user-event
- 浏览器模式提供真实的浏览器环境以进行准确的测试